Dillon's Rule vs Home Rule: Implications for Local Government Affairs Teams
Dillon's Rule and Home Rule are two different approaches to local governance that have a significant impact on the kind of laws and ordinances municipalities can pass in each state.
Dillon's Rule takes a narrow approach to local authority, essentially stating that local governments only have the powers expressly granted to them by the state.
Home Rule gives local governments greater autonomy and limits the power of states to interfere in local affairs.
What is Dillon's Rule?
Dillon's Rule Definition: Dillon's Rule is named after Iowa Supreme Court Justice John F. Dillon, who articulated a philosophy about limited local authority in a 1868 court case.
According to one definition from the National League of Cities, Dillon's Rule limits a municipality's power to the following:
The powers explicitly granted to them by the state
The powers necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted
The powers essential to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation, not simply convenient, but indispensable
What is Home Rule?
Home Rule Definition: Home Rule is a delegation of power from the state to its political subdivisions (including counties, municipalities, towns, townships or villages).
The Illinois Municipal League provides the following definition of Home Rule:
A municipality with Home Rule status can exercise any power and perform any function unless it is specifically prohibited from doing so by state law.
The majority of U.S. states apply both Dillon's Rule and Home Rule in some way. It's difficult to present a simple, meaningful list of which states are Home Rule States and which ones are Dillon Rule States because there are so many nuances to each state's approach.
For example, Ohio provides for Home Rule for any municipality in its state constitution, but Washington only provides for Home Rule for cities larger than 10,000 residents.
In Texas, cities with more than 5,000 residents can vote to adopt a city charter and thereby become a Home Rule city.
In today's political landscape, it's not enough to know whether a state is a Home Rule state or a Dillon's Rule state, since most states use a blend of the two principles, and state legislatures frequently modify the scope of local authority.
And the courts have also contributed to the variations from state to state with different interpretations of the existing statutes.
The best approach is to find out what level of local authority the city you are in has, and how that state has historically handled conflicts about local authority in the courts. Understanding a state's approach to local authority is an essential step when crafting an advocacy strategy for a particular local policy issue.
Lobbying Strategies for Home Rule Municipalities
Generally, in the states with the strongest Home Rule protections, municipalities are more likely to be able to successfully pass new forms of legislation and defend their right to do so in court than in states where home rule is not protected in the state constitution.
Recently, this has become especially important for government affairs teams because Home Rule municipalities have the ability to establish local laws that may be stricter than state law, unless the state expressly prohibits this.
Here's an example, from Ohio, a strong Home Rule state:
Municipalities throughout Ohio, including Democrat-controlled Cincinnati and Cuyahoga County, have recently begun passing ordinances that ban single-use plastic bags. These bans significantly impact the operations of restaurants, grocers, and many other retail segments. Because of that, retail trade associations typically oppose them when they come up in local discussions.
After repeatedly losing the fight at the municipal level in Ohio, many trade associations then worked to convince legislators in the Republican-controlled statehouse to pass a state law to bar local governments from passing these laws.
Those efforts were successful, and the state legislature included such a ban in the latest budget. But the fight doesn't end there.
Since Ohio has strong protections for Home Rule in its constitution, it's likely that the municipalities that passed these bans will sue the state government in court, claiming that the ban infringes on the powers granted to them in the state constitution. And it's anyone's guess who will win that battle, but in a state with less protection for home rule, the municipalities would likely be at a disadvantage in court.
This kind of conflict is becoming more typical across the country, especially in cities where the political party in power is different from the one at the state level.
As political gridlock slows down the legislative process at the federal and the state level, advocacy groups are turning to cities to advance their agendas. Regardless of the political party in power, advocacy groups are finding it much easier to convince 10 or 15 council members to pass an ordinance than to build a coalition among 100 or more state legislators.
However, in states where the same political party dominates the state government and controls the largest cities, government affairs teams should watch out for ideas that are gaining popularity in cities across the state.
Sometimes, when state legislatures notice a trend of cities passing a specific piece of legislation, they respond by codifying that legislation into the state law. This creates a more uniform legal environment across the state but can be a major loss for an advocacy group that opposes that particular piece of legislation.
This happened just this past year in Washington state, where the state legislature took notice of the growing trend of municipalities passing single-use plastic bans across the state and passed a statewide ban that took effect Oct. 1, 2021.
For a basic list of states that use Home Rule vs Dillons Rule, you can download this pdf file.
2016-ACCE-White-Paper-Dillon-House-Rule-Final.pdf- (3.01 MiB) Downloaded 25 times